Most people moving to rural areas are the nobles, taking with them people they need.
Decline of learning
Tribes had oral tradition but couldn't read Greek or Latin.
Few besides priest were literate.
Romance languages evolve, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian.
Germanic warriors loyalty is to the lord of the manor, he provides them with food weapons and treasure
No orderly government, small communities rule.
Clovis rules the Germanic people of Gaul known as the franks
in 496 he has a battlefield conversion- he and 3000 of his warriors become Christians.
the church in rome likes this
by 511 the franks are united into one kingdom with clovis and the church working as partners.
Church+Frankis rulers rise in Christianity
In 520 benedict writes rules for monks
vows of poverty (live simply in monasteries)
chastity (no marital relations)
obedience (listen to church superiors)
His sister scholastic writes similar rules for nuns
Tuesday, May 27, 2014
Monday, May 19, 2014
Monday
Germanic Kingdoms unite under Charlemagne
Main Idea: Many Germanic kingdoms that succeeded the Roman Empire were reunited under Charlemagne's empire.
Why it matters now:
Charlemagne spread Christian civilization throughout northern Europe which is where many of us came from.
Setting the stage
Middle Ages= Medieval period
500-1500 AD
medieval Europe is fragmented
A. Invasions trigger changes in western Europe
1. Invasions and constant warfare spark new trends
a. Disruption of trade
I. Europe's cities are no longer economic centers
II. Money is scarce
b. Downfall of cities
I. Cities are no longer centers of administrations
C. Population shifts
I. Nobles retreat to the rural areas
II cities don't have strong leadership
2. Decline of learning
a. Germanic invaders are illiterate but they communicate through oral tradition
b. Only priest and church officials could read and write
c. Knowledge of Greek (and literature, science, philosophy) is almost lost
3. Loss of a common language
a. Dialect develop in different regions
b. By the 800s French,Spanish, other Roman-based languages are evolving from Latin
1. The concept of government changes.
a. Roman society: loyal to public gov't
b. German society: loyal to family
I. Germanic chief led warriors
ii during peace he provided food weapons treasure a place to live
III during wartime, warriors fought for the lord
c The king, who's that. you want to collect taxes from me? who the heck are you
d. Franks live in the roman province of Gaul their leader is Clovis
B. Germanic kingdoms emerge
2. The franks under Clovis
a. another battlefield conversion
b. clovis and 3000 of his warriors are baptized by the bishop
c. The church in Rome approves of this alliance
d. clovis and the church begin to work together
a simpe equation
clovis' military expertise+the church's support and money= strategic alliance
1. 511 AD clovis unites franks into one kingdom
2. 600 AD church+frankish rulers convert many
3. fear of muslims in southern Europe spur many to become Christians
4. monasteries and convents
a. 520 AD- benedict wrote the rules for monks and monasteries
I poverty, chastity, obedience, study
b. His sister scholastica did the same for nuns in convents
c. the venerable bede wrote a killer history of England
d. monks opened schools, maintained libraries, and copied books
5. Pope Gregory I expands papal power
a. papacy=pope's office
b secular power= worldly power
c. So under Gregory the great
Papal power is political power
d. The church can use church money to raise armies repair roads help the poor.
e. Gregory the great began to act as Mayor of rome and as head of an earthly kingdom. (Christendom)
Main Idea: Many Germanic kingdoms that succeeded the Roman Empire were reunited under Charlemagne's empire.
Why it matters now:
Charlemagne spread Christian civilization throughout northern Europe which is where many of us came from.
Setting the stage
Middle Ages= Medieval period
500-1500 AD
medieval Europe is fragmented
A. Invasions trigger changes in western Europe
1. Invasions and constant warfare spark new trends
a. Disruption of trade
I. Europe's cities are no longer economic centers
II. Money is scarce
b. Downfall of cities
I. Cities are no longer centers of administrations
C. Population shifts
I. Nobles retreat to the rural areas
II cities don't have strong leadership
2. Decline of learning
a. Germanic invaders are illiterate but they communicate through oral tradition
b. Only priest and church officials could read and write
c. Knowledge of Greek (and literature, science, philosophy) is almost lost
3. Loss of a common language
a. Dialect develop in different regions
b. By the 800s French,Spanish, other Roman-based languages are evolving from Latin
1. The concept of government changes.
a. Roman society: loyal to public gov't
b. German society: loyal to family
I. Germanic chief led warriors
ii during peace he provided food weapons treasure a place to live
III during wartime, warriors fought for the lord
c The king, who's that. you want to collect taxes from me? who the heck are you
d. Franks live in the roman province of Gaul their leader is Clovis
B. Germanic kingdoms emerge
2. The franks under Clovis
a. another battlefield conversion
b. clovis and 3000 of his warriors are baptized by the bishop
c. The church in Rome approves of this alliance
d. clovis and the church begin to work together
a simpe equation
clovis' military expertise+the church's support and money= strategic alliance
1. 511 AD clovis unites franks into one kingdom
2. 600 AD church+frankish rulers convert many
3. fear of muslims in southern Europe spur many to become Christians
4. monasteries and convents
a. 520 AD- benedict wrote the rules for monks and monasteries
I poverty, chastity, obedience, study
b. His sister scholastica did the same for nuns in convents
c. the venerable bede wrote a killer history of England
d. monks opened schools, maintained libraries, and copied books
5. Pope Gregory I expands papal power
a. papacy=pope's office
b secular power= worldly power
c. So under Gregory the great
Papal power is political power
d. The church can use church money to raise armies repair roads help the poor.
e. Gregory the great began to act as Mayor of rome and as head of an earthly kingdom. (Christendom)
Monday, May 12, 2014
Monday
Two Emperors
Diocletian
He rules from 284-303
He persecutes Christain
Rome needs a big army (400,000 strong)
Rome needs a big government (20,000) officials
Constantine
Rules from 306-337
He doesn't persecute Christians
Conversion to Christianity
313- his Edict of Milan proclaims freedom of worship
Built a new capital in the East.
Byzantium soon to be known as Constantinople
Byzantine was easier to control/more secure and richer.
More trade routes, less barbarians
It's called the Edict of Milan because the two Emperors Constantine and Licinius were debating in Milan. It recognized the Christians and tolerated their religion and let them worship. It also returned the property that had been confiscated from them.
Life in the fourth century
Country dwellers are getting bankrupted by endless tax collection
new farming system: Peasants work for elite landlords on large farms.
Peasants can avoid paying taxes but they are getting hit just as hard by the land lords.
paying off debts and being allowed to live on the land in exchange for endless back breaking work
Landowners hold local power as counts and bishops wielding more real power than the faraway empire.
foreshadowing feudalism.
The western Empire crumbles
Rome's power is decreasing while nomadic barbarians gain power.
Western Empire is too poor, begins to be neglected
Huns migrate from China to eastern Europe
Visigoths take over Spain and actually capture and loot Rome itself in 410
Vandals control Carthage and the western Mediterranean
Other barbarian tribes:
Ostrogoths in Italy
Franks in Gaul
Angles and Saxons in Britain.
End of an Era
From the beginnings:
500 BC- the monarchy is abolished
450 BC- the twelve tables are established
through the glory days:
44 bc - end of the line for Julius Caesar
27 BC-180 AD- the roman Peace (pax romana)
to the bitter end..
constant fifth century invasions by barbarian tribes left the Western Empire shattered and crumbling
The last emperor was a teenage boy installed in 475 by his father
Barbarians deposed Romulus Augustulus without bothering to kill him.
Diocletian
He rules from 284-303
He persecutes Christain
Rome needs a big army (400,000 strong)
Rome needs a big government (20,000) officials
Constantine
Rules from 306-337
He doesn't persecute Christians
Conversion to Christianity
313- his Edict of Milan proclaims freedom of worship
Built a new capital in the East.
Byzantium soon to be known as Constantinople
Byzantine was easier to control/more secure and richer.
More trade routes, less barbarians
It's called the Edict of Milan because the two Emperors Constantine and Licinius were debating in Milan. It recognized the Christians and tolerated their religion and let them worship. It also returned the property that had been confiscated from them.
Life in the fourth century
Country dwellers are getting bankrupted by endless tax collection
new farming system: Peasants work for elite landlords on large farms.
Peasants can avoid paying taxes but they are getting hit just as hard by the land lords.
paying off debts and being allowed to live on the land in exchange for endless back breaking work
Landowners hold local power as counts and bishops wielding more real power than the faraway empire.
foreshadowing feudalism.
The western Empire crumbles
Rome's power is decreasing while nomadic barbarians gain power.
Western Empire is too poor, begins to be neglected
Huns migrate from China to eastern Europe
Visigoths take over Spain and actually capture and loot Rome itself in 410
Vandals control Carthage and the western Mediterranean
Other barbarian tribes:
Ostrogoths in Italy
Franks in Gaul
Angles and Saxons in Britain.
End of an Era
From the beginnings:
500 BC- the monarchy is abolished
450 BC- the twelve tables are established
through the glory days:
44 bc - end of the line for Julius Caesar
27 BC-180 AD- the roman Peace (pax romana)
to the bitter end..
constant fifth century invasions by barbarian tribes left the Western Empire shattered and crumbling
The last emperor was a teenage boy installed in 475 by his father
Barbarians deposed Romulus Augustulus without bothering to kill him.
Friday, May 9, 2014
Friday Notes
Jesus spends three years preaching then is killed by Roman leaders.
Saul the persecutor becomes Paul spreading Jesus' message.
Christianity evolves from cult status to established official structure.
Christians are monotheistic (one god)
this conflicted with Roman beliefs
persecution was common
Constantine has a battlefield conversion.
He issues the Edict of Milan.
During the roman peace era, Pax Romana the christian religion began to spread rapidly.
It was an empire wide religion.
The empire was helping people outside of italy and gave Barbarians wealth, citizenship, and many other luxurys
As a result of this Barbarian armies became militarily stronger and so Rome had to build up their army. Eventually the cost and weight of the army caused Rome to collapse with the Barbarian attacks and the Empire broke up.
Saul the persecutor becomes Paul spreading Jesus' message.
Christianity evolves from cult status to established official structure.
Christians are monotheistic (one god)
this conflicted with Roman beliefs
persecution was common
Constantine has a battlefield conversion.
He issues the Edict of Milan.
During the roman peace era, Pax Romana the christian religion began to spread rapidly.
It was an empire wide religion.
The empire was helping people outside of italy and gave Barbarians wealth, citizenship, and many other luxurys
As a result of this Barbarian armies became militarily stronger and so Rome had to build up their army. Eventually the cost and weight of the army caused Rome to collapse with the Barbarian attacks and the Empire broke up.
Tuesday, May 6, 2014
Tuesday
Latins (they came first and settled Rome)
Etruscans
Greeks
Tarquin the proud
After Tarquin is gone it became a Republic
Patricians are noble rich
Plebians are poor
Senate- group of 300 men rich, deciding laws
Consuls were elected for 1 year
Tribunes control the Plebian council.
The twelve tables were posted in the public form and they are a big list of laws.
The roman republic serves as a model for the Constiution of the US.
Why could only the rich serve?
Members were not paid but worked their way up from low ranking magistrates to higher ones.
Forum is romes political center
Etruscans
Greeks
Tarquin the proud
After Tarquin is gone it became a Republic
Patricians are noble rich
Plebians are poor
Senate- group of 300 men rich, deciding laws
Consuls were elected for 1 year
Tribunes control the Plebian council.
The twelve tables were posted in the public form and they are a big list of laws.
The roman republic serves as a model for the Constiution of the US.
Why could only the rich serve?
Members were not paid but worked their way up from low ranking magistrates to higher ones.
Forum is romes political center
Monday, May 5, 2014
Monday 5/5/14
The Roman Empire
The first emperor, Octavian - AKA Caesar Augustus
Pax Romana, Roman peace.
Made a lot of reforms.
He ruled all the way to his natural death, age 76.
From Jesus to Christianity.
Jesus was a Roman citizen and practicing Jew.
Paul is instrumental in telling the world about Jesus' life death ressurection and message.
He travels far and wide: Cyprus, anatolia, Athens, Corinth, Macedonia, Rome, Jerusalem, and maybe even Spain and Britain.
Caligula, had a good start but slowly turned insane in the end
He started by granting bonuses to those in the military, declaring treason trials a thing of the past, and made government spending a matter of public record.
He began to fight with the Senate.
He claimed to be a god and had statues displayed in many- including the Jewish temple.
He slept with other men's wives and bragged about it, indulged in too much spending in sex, and even tried to make his horse a consul.
Cladius became the next Emperor and he had Cerebal palsy.
Christianity and Judaisn: monotheistic.
Persecution of Christains
Romans were harsh toward those who would not worship the Emperor.
Especially Christains who were viewed as followers of a new, upstart religion
The first emperor, Octavian - AKA Caesar Augustus
Pax Romana, Roman peace.
Made a lot of reforms.
He ruled all the way to his natural death, age 76.
From Jesus to Christianity.
Jesus was a Roman citizen and practicing Jew.
Paul is instrumental in telling the world about Jesus' life death ressurection and message.
He travels far and wide: Cyprus, anatolia, Athens, Corinth, Macedonia, Rome, Jerusalem, and maybe even Spain and Britain.
Caligula, had a good start but slowly turned insane in the end
He started by granting bonuses to those in the military, declaring treason trials a thing of the past, and made government spending a matter of public record.
He began to fight with the Senate.
He claimed to be a god and had statues displayed in many- including the Jewish temple.
He slept with other men's wives and bragged about it, indulged in too much spending in sex, and even tried to make his horse a consul.
Cladius became the next Emperor and he had Cerebal palsy.
Christianity and Judaisn: monotheistic.
Persecution of Christains
Romans were harsh toward those who would not worship the Emperor.
Especially Christains who were viewed as followers of a new, upstart religion
Friday, May 2, 2014
Friday
Romans approved of Caesar but there remained the core resistance which was the Senate
Their concern deepened in 44 B.C when he secured a vote from the Senate to become dictator for life
Caesar never ruled by terror like Sulla but he showed no sign of giving up his position like he did. On the contrary he raised himself even higher permitting a religious cult to be established in his honour and wearing the ancient purple robes of Roman Kings. In the view of the Senate, Caesar had become a greek style tyrant, and there was a traditional and honorable way of getting rid of tyrants. On the ides of march Caesar appeared in the Senate house unarmed and unguarded according to his custom, and a crowd of senators struck him down with their daggers. Caesar's murder did not restore the Republic, rather, it started a series of Civil war and War Lords. The main contenders were Mark Antony, Brutus and Cassius, and Octavian Caesar. Mark Antony and Octavian were rival loyalist of Caesar and managed to attract some of Caesar's legions, which they used to fight a brutal war against each other in Italy. Then however, they joined forces and defeated Cassius and Brutus in battle in Greece. They restored the Republic but had the Senate declare Caesar a divine being. Soon after Octavians triumph at Actium the senateawarded him with the title Augustus (Revered one). Now that he was a supreme ruler Augustus intended to stay in power, reconstruct the failed goverment of the Roman city-state and keep its empire together.Unlike Sulla and Caesar Augustus refused to take the title of dictator and rather referred to himself simply as "princeps" (first citizen). By arrangment in 27 bc the senate named Augustus commander in chief, or Imperator. Augustus of course also allowed religious cults to be established in his name. This led to a string of "god" emperors, and one ruler named Vespasian, who was know for his cynical sense of humor, is supposed to have said on his death bed, "Oh no, I think I'm turning into a god!. Augstus also expanded Roman territory quite considerably. In the end, Augustus brought two hundred years of Peace with his goverment and some military reforms known as "Pax Romana" the era of Roman Peace.
Their concern deepened in 44 B.C when he secured a vote from the Senate to become dictator for life
Caesar never ruled by terror like Sulla but he showed no sign of giving up his position like he did. On the contrary he raised himself even higher permitting a religious cult to be established in his honour and wearing the ancient purple robes of Roman Kings. In the view of the Senate, Caesar had become a greek style tyrant, and there was a traditional and honorable way of getting rid of tyrants. On the ides of march Caesar appeared in the Senate house unarmed and unguarded according to his custom, and a crowd of senators struck him down with their daggers. Caesar's murder did not restore the Republic, rather, it started a series of Civil war and War Lords. The main contenders were Mark Antony, Brutus and Cassius, and Octavian Caesar. Mark Antony and Octavian were rival loyalist of Caesar and managed to attract some of Caesar's legions, which they used to fight a brutal war against each other in Italy. Then however, they joined forces and defeated Cassius and Brutus in battle in Greece. They restored the Republic but had the Senate declare Caesar a divine being. Soon after Octavians triumph at Actium the senateawarded him with the title Augustus (Revered one). Now that he was a supreme ruler Augustus intended to stay in power, reconstruct the failed goverment of the Roman city-state and keep its empire together.Unlike Sulla and Caesar Augustus refused to take the title of dictator and rather referred to himself simply as "princeps" (first citizen). By arrangment in 27 bc the senate named Augustus commander in chief, or Imperator. Augustus of course also allowed religious cults to be established in his name. This led to a string of "god" emperors, and one ruler named Vespasian, who was know for his cynical sense of humor, is supposed to have said on his death bed, "Oh no, I think I'm turning into a god!. Augstus also expanded Roman territory quite considerably. In the end, Augustus brought two hundred years of Peace with his goverment and some military reforms known as "Pax Romana" the era of Roman Peace.
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